World Solve

Hybrid warfare tactics, including deepfakes and targeted propaganda, erode trust and polarise societies. Detection and provenance tools for media and secure civic-information channels are urgently needed.

Hybrid warfare tactics, including deepfakes and targeted propaganda, erode trust and polarise societies. Detection and provenance tools for media and secure civic-information channels are urgently needed.

Regulatory and technical bottlenecks—including differing signalling systems and capacity constraints—slow modal shift. Integrated corridor-planning tools and interoperability solutions can boost rail usage.

Regulatory and technical bottlenecks—including differing signalling systems and capacity constraints—slow modal shift. Integrated corridor-planning tools and interoperability solutions can boost rail usage.

Young people leave for cities or abroad, leaving ageing communities and underused infrastructure. Remote-work incentives and smart-village platforms can help revitalise rural areas.

Waiting lists and regional disparities leave many without timely support. Digital triage and service-navigation platforms could optimise access.

Astronomical observations demand extra unseen mass, but candidate particles from extensions of the Standard Model remain undetected. New detector designs, astrophysical surveys, and theoretical models are needed to pin down its nature.

Big Bang models suggest equal amounts of matter and antimatter, yet the observable Universe is dominated by matter. Precision measurements of CP violation and new physics at high energies could explain the imbalance.

Current models rely on limited spectra from a small subset of planets, often with degeneracies in composition and cloud structure. High-resolution time-resolved spectroscopy and improved atmospheric retrieval algorithms are needed.

Observations show billion-solar-mass black holes early in cosmic history, which standard growth models struggle to explain. Improved surveys of high-redshift quasars and simulations of direct-collapse scenarios are needed.

Solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and stellar winds shape atmospheric escape and habitability, yet models remain approximate. Continuous monitoring and improved magnetohydrodynamic simulations can refine predictions.

Grand unified theories predict proton decay, yet experiments have not observed it. Larger underground detectors and longer observation times are needed.

Turbulence controls transport and heating but remains mathematically challenging. Laboratory plasma experiments and numerical advances are needed.

Microscopic laws are time-symmetric, yet macroscopic phenomena exhibit irreversibility. Deeper understanding of entropy and quantum measurement could help.

Alternative theories predict deviations that current experiments are only beginning to probe. More sensitive tabletop experiments are needed.

Mechanisms behind superconductivity in cuprates and iron-based materials remain contested. Combined experimental and theoretical work is needed to unlock room-temperature materials.

Observed exoplanet diversity challenges simple core-accretion models. High-resolution imaging of disks and improved simulations are needed.

Galaxies stop forming stars due to feedback and environment, but mechanisms vary. Surveys across environments and redshifts can clarify.

Timing and sources of reionization remain uncertain. 21cm experiments and high-z galaxy observations can map it.

Long-term low-dose exposure impacts cells and tissues in complex ways. Space biology experiments can inform health protocols.