World Solve

Zero-day flaws are unknown weaknesses in software that attackers can exploit before a fix exists, and current detection methods still miss many of them until after damage is done. Finding these flaws proactively remains one of cybersecurity's hardest problems.

Rising temperatures and changing winds are destabilising ice shelves and altering Southern Ocean circulation, with global implications for sea-level rise and extreme weather. High-resolution coupled climate–ice models and sustained observation networks are needed to predict these changes.

Economic shocks and informality push more city dwellers into precarious living, adding pressure on housing and services. Slum-upgrading and urban social-safety-net platforms could mitigate these trends.

Car-centric growth and limited mass transit investments cause gridlock and unhealthy air. Transit-planning tools and clean-mobility ventures can address these challenges.

Multiple overlapping shocks—from war in Ukraine and energy disruption to populist politics and institutional strain—are testing the resilience of European democracies. Builders can develop scenario-modeling and early-warning tools to help governments and investors navigate these risks.

Multiple overlapping shocks—from war in Ukraine and energy disruption to populist politics and institutional strain—are testing the resilience of European democracies. Builders can develop scenario-modeling and early-warning tools to help governments and investors navigate these risks.

Turbulence, magnetic fields, and feedback from young stars interact in complex ways to set stellar masses and rates. Multi-scale simulations and high-resolution observations with radio and infrared telescopes can help disentangle these effects.

These millisecond bursts of radio energy come from cosmological distances, but their progenitors are uncertain, ranging from magnetars to exotic compact objects. Coordinated multi-wavelength observations and rapid follow-up networks could identify their sources.

Oscillation experiments show mixing but leave ordering and scale uncertain. Next-generation beta-decay and cosmological probes can answer these questions.

The information paradox and firewall hypotheses highlight tension between quantum mechanics and relativity. Advances in quantum information theory and holography may clarify.

Simulations predict substructure that observations only partly confirm. Strong lensing and stellar stream measurements can probe these scales.

These fields affect cosmic-ray propagation and structure formation but are hard to measure. Faraday rotation surveys and gamma-ray observations can constrain them.

Workers from countries like the Philippines, India, and Bangladesh lose significant income to transfer fees sending money home. Blockchain-based remittance corridors could dramatically cut these costs.

These diseases receive little research funding despite affecting hundreds of millions, because they mainly impact low-income populations. Cheap diagnostics and mass drug administration logistics need innovation.

Few universities have the compute infrastructure or funding to pursue frontier research in these fields, risking long-term technological dependency. Shared regional compute clusters and diaspora-led research partnerships could help close this gap.

Most remittance money goes to consumption rather than business or infrastructure investment, missing a huge development opportunity. Diaspora investment bonds and startup co-investment platforms could redirect some of these flows productively.

These moons host liquid water oceans under miles of ice, warmed by tidal forces, but we lack robotic tools capable of melting through kilometers of crust to sample liquid water without introducing Earth contamination.

Matter inside neutron stars is crushed beyond atomic densities into unknown states like quark-gluon plasma. Multi-messenger astronomy combining X-ray observatories and gravitational wave detectors is needed to probe these conditions.

Over 80% of workers in countries like India, Bangladesh, and Nepal operate within informal economies without access to pensions, disability insurance, or minimum wage guarantees. Traditional bureaucratic tax and welfare systems fail to track or protect these transient and cash-reliant populations during economic shocks.

While uncommon, some patients experience hiccups that persist for weeks or longer, disrupting sleep, eating, and daily life, and effective treatment options remain limited. A more reliable treatment approach for these rare cases remains undeveloped.