World Solve

These millisecond bursts of radio energy come from cosmological distances, but their progenitors are uncertain, ranging from magnetars to exotic compact objects. Coordinated multi-wavelength observations and rapid follow-up networks could identify their sources.

Moons like Europa and Enceladus may harbor oceans beneath ice, but we do not know their chemical gradients or energy sources. Cryobot and plume-sampling missions could test for conditions suitable for life.

Objects in the distant solar system could reveal formation history and the presence of rogue planets, but only a few have been discovered. Wide-field deep surveys and improved orbit determination are needed.

Gas, dust, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays interact across scales, but many parameters are poorly measured. Multi-band surveys and simulation campaigns can connect small-scale physics with galactic evolution.

Theory predicts metal-free stars that reionized the Universe, but no such stars have been observed. JWST-class telescopes and 21cm cosmology experiments could provide indirect signatures.

We have detected a handful of mergers, but their cosmic history and diversity remain unclear. Next-generation detectors with wider frequency coverage can map the gravitational-wave background.

Magnetic storms and particle fluxes shape space weather and radiation hazards but are hard to predict. Better in situ measurements and coupled simulations can improve forecasts.

Inflationary models explain early expansion but differ in predictions for primordial fluctuations and multiverse scenarios. Precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background and primordial gravitational waves could distinguish models.

Oscillation experiments show mixing but leave ordering and scale uncertain. Next-generation beta-decay and cosmological probes can answer these questions.

Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays’ origins remain unclear, challenging acceleration models. Distributed detector arrays and multi-messenger astronomy could identify sources.

Turbulence controls transport and heating but remains mathematically challenging. Laboratory plasma experiments and numerical advances are needed.

These fields affect cosmic-ray propagation and structure formation but are hard to measure. Faraday rotation surveys and gamma-ray observations can constrain them.

Complex organics exist in clouds, but pathways are unclear. Laboratory astrochemistry and radio observations can reveal reaction networks.

Dust growth, fragmentation, and migration shape planet formation but are complex. Combined observation and modeling efforts are needed.

Galaxies stop forming stars due to feedback and environment, but mechanisms vary. Surveys across environments and redshifts can clarify.

Migrants move to cities seeking work but end up in slums with precarious livelihoods and poor services. Slum-upgrading programs linked to livelihood support can break this cycle.

People with disabilities face extra costs and barriers but are often excluded from mainstream social protection schemes. Inclusive targeting criteria and assistive-technology subsidies are needed.

People may consume enough calories but lack essential vitamins and minerals. Fortification policies and affordable supplements can address this.

Depression and anxiety are leading causes of disability but receive little funding and few providers in most countries. Teletherapy and lay-counselor models can expand coverage.

Solid-fuel use causes indoor air pollution and health harm. Clean stoves and fuels need better distribution and affordability.