World Solve

Antarctic waters absorb large fractions of excess heat and CO2, yet models disagree on future behaviour and feedbacks. Expanded biogeochemical observing systems and process studies can refine global climate models.

Higher CO2 reduces carbonate availability. Global emission cuts are the primary solution.

Chemical lithium-hydroxide canisters are consumable, heavy, and wasteful for multi-year missions. Algae photo-bioreactors capable of converting human exhaled CO2 directly into oxygen and edible protein are required.

Converting Mars' 95% CO2 atmosphere into plastics, methane, and industrial reagents requires complex catalysts that foul quickly. High-efficiency solid oxide electrolysis systems optimized for dirty ambient gas are needed.

Despite recognition of its importance, reliable methods for biotechnologies converting methane and CO2 into high-value chemicals and proteins are still lacking. Progress is hindered by incomplete mechanistic knowledge, high capital and operational barriers, and the absence of deployment models suited to the contexts of greatest need.

A persistent gap exists in realizing practical, scalable solutions for biotechnologies for engineering organisms that produce high-value compounds from CO2 and renewable energy. Scientific understanding, engineering readiness and institutional capacity remain insufficient to translate promising concepts into durable impact under real-world constraints of cost, skills and governance.

The absence of robust, context-adapted solutions for city-scale anthropogenic versus biogenic CO2 attribution networks creates cascading risks across interconnected human and natural systems. Key missing elements include durable performance, low lifetime cost, and governance arrangements capable of sustaining impact beyond pilot stages.

Despite recognition of its importance, reliable methods for biotechnologies for engineering microorganisms that convert atmospheric CO2 into useful products are still lacking. Progress is hindered by incomplete mechanistic knowledge, high capital and operational barriers, and the absence of deployment models suited to the contexts of greatest need.

The absence of robust, context-adapted solutions for biotechnologies enabling plants to thrive under elevated CO2 salinity and heat stress creates cascading risks across interconnected human and natural systems. Key missing elements include durable performance, low lifetime cost, and governance arrangements capable of sustaining impact beyond pilot stages.

The absence of robust, context-adapted solutions for materials enabling reversible CO2 capture and conversion to useful products creates cascading risks across interconnected human and natural systems. Key missing elements include durable performance, low lifetime cost, and governance arrangements capable of sustaining impact beyond pilot stages.